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\nFoto: Kayapo Goroti-re. Gentileza de Christophe Chat-verre.<\/p>\n
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\nHace 5 siglos, antes de la Conquista, 10 millones de ind\u00edgenas habitaban el Brasil. Desde la llegada de los portugueses, se inici\u00f3 un proceso de ocupaci\u00f3n de las tierras ind\u00edgenas. Por el impacto de ese proceso, se extinguieron pueblos ind\u00edgenas completos, y los pueblos de la costa se refugiaron al interior del Amazonas. Este proceso dur\u00f3 hasta inicios del siglo XX.<\/p>\n
A fines del Siglo XIX, durante el \u2018boom del caucho\u2019 los Barones explotaron despiadadamente a los ind\u00edgenas Amaz\u00f3nicos.<\/p>\n
Entre 1960 y 1980 los gobiernos militares impulsaron la industrializaci\u00f3n del pa\u00eds, a trav\u00e9s de proyectos que implicaron la invasi\u00f3n de territorios ind\u00edgenas. En 1967 el Gobierno cre\u00f3 la Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional del Indio (FUNAI), con la misi\u00f3n de \u201cintegrar al indio en el menor espacio de tiempo para no estorbar el desarrollo nacional\u201d, y desde entonces, el Estado se constituy\u00f3 como \u201ctutor legal\u201d de los ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\n
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En 1973 se sancion\u00f3 el Estatuto del Indio, que divid\u00eda a los ind\u00edgenas en \u201caislados\u201d, en \u201cv\u00edas de integraci\u00f3n\u201d e \u201cintegrados\u201d. Los primeros eran considerados \u201csilv\u00edcolas\u201d, y continuaron bajo la tutela del FUNAI hasta el a\u00f1o 2008. Entre los a\u00f1os \u201870 y \u201890, muchos ind\u00edgenas fueron expulsados de sus territorios para abrir paso a represas, minas, carreteras y haciendas ganaderas.<\/p>\n
En 1977 se celebr\u00f3 la primera asamblea ind\u00edgena nacional, y tres a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s se cre\u00f3 la primer Organizaci\u00f3n Ind\u00edgena de Brasil: la Uni\u00f3n de Naciones Ind\u00edgenas<\/strong> (UNI). No obstante, el gobierno declar\u00f3 que no ser\u00eda apoyada, ni siquiera permitida.<\/p>\n En 1980 se crea la figura de \u201cTierras Ind\u00edgenas\u201d, que seg\u00fan la ley brasile\u00f1a, son aquellas tierras tradicionalmente ocupadas por los pueblos ind\u00edgenas, que las habitan en forma permanente o las utilizan para sus actividades productivas, y que son esenciales para la preservaci\u00f3n de los recursos naturales o ambientales necesarios para su bienestar y su reproducci\u00f3n f\u00edsica y cultural, de acuerdo con sus usos, costumbres y tradiciones (Art. 231 de la Constituci\u00f3n Federal).<\/p>\n Al retorno de la democracia, en 1988, la nueva Constituci\u00f3n Nacional les reconoce a los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sus derechos sobre las tierras que originalmente ocupaban \u201ccompetiendo a la Uni\u00f3n demarcarlas, protegerlas y hacerlas respetar\u201d.<\/p>\n Con la llegada de Lula da Silva a la presidencia, en el a\u00f1o 2002, Brasil ratific\u00f3 el Convenio 169 de la OIT, por lo que se esperaba un incremento en el proceso de demarcaci\u00f3n de tierras ind\u00edgenas. Sin embargo, la negativa del presidente a ratificar las tierras de Raposa-Sierra do Sol dej\u00f3 en claro que esto no iba a ocurrir. El entonces presidente de la FUNAI declar\u00f3 que \u201clos pueblos ind\u00edgenas del Brasil tienen demasiada tierra\u2026 estamos llegando a un punto en que el Tribunal Supremo deber definir un l\u00edmite<\/strong><\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n Entre 2005 y 2006 fueron expulsados de sus tierras 48.000 ind\u00edgenas Terena, Chamacoco, Xavante, Kadiweu y Kaimb\u00e9, entre otros; para dar paso a la siembra de cultivos para la producci\u00f3n de etanol.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n \nEn el 2007, el gobierno nacional cre\u00f3 la Agenda Social de los Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas y un Plan de Aceleraci\u00f3n del Crecimiento Ind\u00edgena, con el objetivo de delimitar 127 territorios ind\u00edgenas hasta el 2010. Pero finalmente durante los 8 a\u00f1os de gobierno, 88 fueron los territorios delimitados y homologados por el Presidente. Al mismo tiempo, se anunci\u00f3 el Plan hidroel\u00e9ctrico que prev\u00e9 la construcci\u00f3n de 247 centrales en la Amazon\u00eda, que afectan a tierras ind\u00edgenas. Una de ellas es la Represa de Belo Monte, en el estado de Par\u00e1, que anegar\u00e1 516 km2 sobre 30 tierras ind\u00edgenas. [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttp:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/images\/stories\/raoni_amazon%20watch.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n \nFoto: Raoni, gran jefe Kayap\u00f3 en oposici\u00f3n a la Represa de Belo Monte.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/footer.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Durante el gobierno de Lula da Silva, se registr\u00f3 el m\u00e1s elevado \u00edndice de asesinatos a l\u00edderes ind\u00edgenas que demandaban la titulaci\u00f3n de sus territorios.<\/p>\n