{"id":1686,"date":"2019-05-08T18:29:28","date_gmt":"2019-05-08T18:29:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/?p=1686"},"modified":"2021-12-13T14:56:35","modified_gmt":"2021-12-13T17:56:35","slug":"por_04","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/por_04\/","title":{"rendered":"Governan\u00e7a – Independente"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00bb1″ inner_width=\u00bbauto\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00bbnone\u00bb][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_4″][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttp:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/images\/stories\/vinetas\/054.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb3_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.7″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

O Estatuto do \u00cdndio<\/strong><\/em> (1973), lei nacional em vigor sobre os direitos ind\u00edgenas no Brasil, especifica que os \u00edndios e as comunidades ind\u00edgenas ainda n\u00e3o integradas est\u00e3o sujeitas a um regime de tutela pela \u00e0 Uni\u00e3o (Art. 7). Tamb\u00e9m especifica que podem ser liberados desse regime de tutela e serem sujeitos de direitos civis e pol\u00edticos (art. 5), os \u00edndios ou silv\u00edcolas que cumpram com as seguintes condi\u00e7\u00f5es:<\/p>\n

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1.Maior de 21 anos,
2.conhecimento da l\u00edngua Portuguesa,
3.habilita\u00e7\u00e3o para o exerc\u00edcio de uma atividade \u00fatil na comunidade nacional,
4.razo\u00e1vel conhecimento dos usos e costumes da comunidade nacional (art. 9).<\/p>\n

O Estatuto indica que cumprindo esses requisitos, a pessoa ind\u00edgena interessada poder\u00e1 ser reconhecida como \u00abintegrada\u00bb, e inscrita no registro civil, cessando quaisquer restri\u00e7\u00f5es aos seus direitos imposto pela tutela (art. 10). Quando a maioria dos membros de uma comunidade atender a esses requisitos, o Presidente da Rep\u00fablica poder\u00e1 decret\u00e1-la como uma comunidade ind\u00edgena emancipada da tutela (art. 11).<\/p>\n

\u00c9 importante considerar que o Estatuto do \u00cdndio n\u00e3o foi revisto no novo marco constitucional de 1988, embora h\u00e1 mais de 14 anos se tenha iniciado o tr\u00e2mite no Congresso Nacional para atualizar este estatuto.<\/p>\n

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A Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional e o C\u00f3digo Civil<\/strong><\/p>\n

A atual Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Federal reconhece as formas pr\u00f3prias de organiza\u00e7\u00e3o social dos povos ind\u00edgenas, mas mant\u00e9m o conceito de tutela p\u00fablica, ou seja, a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o do Estado em velar pela prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos bens ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\n

O novo C\u00f3digo Civil (Lei 10406 de 2002) prev\u00ea que a Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional do \u00cdndio (FUNAI) far\u00e1 a gest\u00e3o do patrim\u00f4nio ind\u00edgena, a menos que seja demonstrado que o \u00abgrupo tribal\u00bb titular do patrim\u00f4nio tenha \u00abcapacidade efetiva\u00bb para a gest\u00e3o. Isso demonstra que ainda se mant\u00e9m regras que sustentam a pol\u00edtica tutelar do Estado brasileiro com rela\u00e7\u00e3o aos povos ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\n

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O mesmo c\u00f3digo prev\u00ea, no artigo 4\u00ba, que os povos ind\u00edgenas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o mais relativamente incapazes e que uma legisla\u00e7\u00e3o especial definir\u00e1 as regras de capacidade espec\u00edfica para atender as particularidades da titularidade de direitos e deveres coletivos e individuais dos povos ind\u00edgenas. Esta legisla\u00e7\u00e3o especial, o novo Estatuto dos Povos Ind\u00edgenas, n\u00e3o foi regulamentada at\u00e9 a presente data.<\/p>\n

Do Regime Tutelar para a Autonomia Ind\u00edgena<\/strong><\/p>\n

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O direito dos povos ind\u00edgenas \u00e0 autodetermina\u00e7\u00e3o, ou seja, a controlar suas vidas e comunidades e participar em todas as decis\u00f5es que os afetam, dentro da estrutura atual de unidade nacional e de integridade territorial de cada pa\u00eds, \u00e9 regido no Brasil de acordo com a Conven\u00e7\u00e3o 169 da OIT<\/strong><\/em>, incorporada no sistema jur\u00eddico brasileiro e pela Declara\u00e7\u00e3o das Na\u00e7\u00f5es Unidas<\/strong> sobre os Direitos dos Povos Ind\u00edgenas.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Direito \u00e0 justi\u00e7a e Justi\u00e7a Pr\u00f3pria<\/strong><\/p>\n

De acordo com o Estatuto do \u00cdndio, o \u00f3rg\u00e3o federal de assist\u00eancia ao \u00edndio (FUNAI) tem compet\u00eancia na defesa jur\u00eddica e extrajudicial dos direitos dos silv\u00edcolas e das comunidades ind\u00edgenas (art. 35). Os grupos tribais e as comunidades ind\u00edgenas s\u00e3o partes leg\u00edtimas da defesa de seus direitos em ju\u00edzo, cabendo a eles \u00e0 assist\u00eancia do Minist\u00e9rio P\u00fablico Federal e da FUNAI (art. 37). Em casos de condena\u00e7\u00f5es penais, ser\u00e1 tolerada aplica\u00e7\u00e3o, pelos grupos tribais, de acordo com suas institui\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00f3prias, de san\u00e7\u00f5es penais ou disciplinares contra os seus membros, desde que n\u00e3o sejam de car\u00e1ter ofensivo, cruel ou pena de morte (art. 57).<\/p>\n

A Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o Federal Brasileira de 1998<\/strong> estabelece que os \u00edndios, suas comunidades e organiza\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o partes leg\u00edtimas para ingressar em ju\u00edzo em defesa de seus direitos e interesses, intervindo o Minist\u00e9rio P\u00fablico em todos os atos do processo (Art. 232).<\/p>\n

O Direito aos Recursos Naturais<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atualmente est\u00e1 em vigor o C\u00f3digo Florestal (Lei 4771 de 1965) segundo o qual as terras ind\u00edgenas s\u00e3o \u00e1reas de preserva\u00e7\u00e3o permanente. De acordo com a Medida Provis\u00f3ria n \u00ba 2.166-67 de 2001 nas terras ind\u00edgenas, somente as comunidades ind\u00edgenas podem realizar o manejo florestal para fins de sua subsist\u00eancia e o manejo deve ser sustent\u00e1vel. O manejo florestal sustent\u00e1vel \u00e9 definido como \u00abadministra\u00e7\u00e3o das florestas para obter benef\u00edcios econ\u00f4micos, sociais e ambientais, respeitando os mecanismos de sustenta\u00e7\u00e3o do ecossistema e, cumulativamente ou alternativamente, a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de m\u00faltiplas esp\u00e9cies madeireiras, produtos e subprodutos n\u00e3o madeireiros, bem como a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de outros bens e servi\u00e7os de natureza florestal \u00ab(inciso VI do art. 3 \u00ba da Lei 11.284 de 2006).<\/p>\n

Esta regra \u00e9 contr\u00e1ria aos direitos dos povos ind\u00edgenas ao livre aceso e administra\u00e7\u00e3o dos seus recursos, limitando o uso destes recursos \u00e0 imposi\u00e7\u00e3o de um \u00abplano de manejo florestal sustent\u00e1vel\u00bb, que pode n\u00e3o coincidir necessariamente com os objetivos de desenvolvimento cada povo ind\u00edgena.<\/p>\n

De acordo com o C\u00f3digo Florestal (art. 16), territ\u00f3rios ind\u00edgenas localizados no bioma amaz\u00f4nico tem a obriga\u00e7\u00e3o de manter 80% da cobertura florestal em seus territ\u00f3rios, e 35% da cobertura florestal nas terras ind\u00edgenas localizadas na regi\u00e3o definida como Amaz\u00f4nia Legal.<\/p>\n

N\u00e3o h\u00e1 clareza jur\u00eddica sobre a autonomia dos povos ind\u00edgenas no manejo dos seus recursos naturais. No entanto, de acordo com a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o internacional vigente no Brasil, o Estado n\u00e3o pode outorgar concess\u00f5es florestais em terras ind\u00edgenas, j\u00e1 que o usufruto dos recursos florestais \u00e9 exclusivo das comunidades ind\u00edgenas. O Estado deve respeitar e proteger os direitos dos Povos Ind\u00edgenas \u00e0 autodetermina\u00e7\u00e3o para escolher as op\u00e7\u00f5es de desenvolvimento que considerem melhor para si mesmos e para seus territ\u00f3rios.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/footer.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> O Estatuto do \u00cdndio (1973), lei nacional em vigor sobre os direitos ind\u00edgenas no Brasil, especifica que os \u00edndios e as comunidades ind\u00edgenas ainda n\u00e3o integradas est\u00e3o sujeitas a um regime de tutela pela \u00e0 Uni\u00e3o (Art. 7). Tamb\u00e9m especifica que podem ser liberados desse regime de tutela e serem sujeitos de direitos civis […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1686"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3754,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1686\/revisions\/3754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1686"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1686"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1686"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}