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\nEn el per\u00edodo colonial, los pueblos ind\u00edgenas fueron dominados institucional, jur\u00eddica, religiosa y territorialmente por la corona espa\u00f1ola. A inicios del siglo XX, la nueva rep\u00fablica estableci\u00f3 una pol\u00edtica de integraci\u00f3n que continu\u00f3 debilitando sus formas de organizaci\u00f3n tradicional, en pos de la unidad nacional. Las revoluciones alfarista y juliana, la Constituci\u00f3n de 1945, y los reg\u00edmenes militares de los a\u00f1os 60 y 70, prosiguieron con la cristianizaci\u00f3n, la escolarizaci\u00f3n y la ciudadanizaci\u00f3n de los ind\u00edgenas. Esa visi\u00f3n etnocentrista prosigui\u00f3 durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX con el indigenismo, pol\u00edtica aplicada desde la sociedad dominante y el Estado hacia los ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\n
En 1964 se descubren las reservas petroleras del Lago Agrio. A partir de entonces, el gobierno impulsa la explotaci\u00f3n de Petr\u00f3leo, gran parte del cual se encuentra en la Amazon\u00eda. Durante los 70 y primera mitad de los 80, los grupos sociales dominantes se beneficiaron de la explotaci\u00f3n petrolera.<\/p>\n
Paralelamente, las Nacionalidades comienzan a organizarse para reclamar sus tierras y durante los 80 realizan diversas propuestas. Pero hasta 1990, los gobiernos militares y civiles, dem\u00f3cratas y socialcristianos, consideraron que la \u00fanica posibilidad de acceder a derechos territoriales era por la v\u00eda de la propiedad civil, y continuaron ampliando la frontera extractiva.<\/p>\n
En ese contexto se forma en 1986 la Confederaci\u00f3n de Nacionalidades Ind\u00edgenas del Ecuador (CONAIE), y en la Amazon\u00eda central, la Organizaci\u00f3n de Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas de Pastaza (OPIP) estableci\u00f3 en Sarayaku, una primera propuesta para declarar al Estado ecuatoriano como plurinacional, legalizar los territorios ind\u00edgenas y paralizar las actividades petroleras. Esas propuestas fueron presentadas p\u00fablicamente en 1990, y el presidente Borja las rechaz\u00f3 de plano.<\/p>\n
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\nNo fue hasta la gran marcha ind\u00edgena de 1992 organizada por la OPIP que se reconoci\u00f3 la titularidad ind\u00edgena de los territorios Z\u00e1para, Shiwiar, Kichwa y Achuar, los que representaban un 60% de los territorios demandados. Sin embargo, no se reconoci\u00f3 la posibilidad de establecer gobiernos aut\u00f3nomos. El 40% restante de los territorios demandados qued\u00f3 en manos militares al declararse como \u201cfranja de seguridad nacional\u201d.<\/p>\n
Durante los 90 se sigui\u00f3 expandiendo la frontera extractiva de petr\u00f3leo sobre el Parque Nacional Yasun\u00ed y los territorios Huaorani, Kichwa de Pastaza, y Shuar de Morona Santiago, y se continu\u00f3 incrementando la pobreza. Esto dio lugar a la formaci\u00f3n de importantes organizaciones ind\u00edgenas en el centro sur amaz\u00f3nico: los Kichwa de Pastaza, Shuar y Achuar; quienes conservan las mayores unidades territoriales ind\u00edgenas, e importantes grados de autonom\u00eda.<\/p>\n
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La Constituci\u00f3n de 1998 reconoci\u00f3 expresamente a los pueblos ind\u00edgenas autodefinidos como Nacionalidades, pero legitimando el modelo neoliberal. En sus art\u00edculos 83 y 84 incluy\u00f3 los derechos colectivos del Convenio 169 de la OIT sobre Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas, a pesar de lo cual Ecuador no construy\u00f3 la institucionalidad necesaria para garantizar esos derechos. Esencialmente, se abri\u00f3 la posibilidad de crear Circunscripciones Territoriales Ind\u00edgenas que reemplacen los gobiernos locales, pero no se establecieron sus competencias, ni se les asign\u00f3 recursos econ\u00f3micos.<\/p>\n
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En el a\u00f1o 2008 fue sancionada la Nueva Constituci\u00f3n del Ecuador, que sent\u00f3 las bases para la autonom\u00eda de las Nacionalidades, y el establecimiento de una nueva forma de organizaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtico-territorial.<\/p>\n
Las Nacionalidades contin\u00faan trabajando por su acceso a la autonom\u00eda plena, y actualmente, esa iniciativa est\u00e1 tan vigente como el reclamo por el territorio y la autodeterminaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n
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