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Nicaragua fue colonizada por Espa\u00f1a en la regi\u00f3n del Oc\u00e9ano Pac\u00edfico, y por Inglaterra posteriormente en la Costa del Atl\u00e1ntico, lo que les ha dado diferentes identidades culturales, como se observa por ejemplo en el uso del idioma ingl\u00e9s por los Creoles.<\/p>\n
La Costa Atl\u00e1ntica ha estado aislada del centro de poder en Managua y all\u00ed, los Miskitus contaban hasta el siglo XVIII con un sistema mon\u00e1rquico de autogobierno bajo influencia inglesa. Fue en 1860, cuando m\u00e1s de 100 l\u00edderes ind\u00edgenas se reunieron en asamblea para disolver la monarqu\u00eda, y crear la Reserva de la Mosquitia; que a finales de 1800s ser\u00eda posteriormente anexada militarmente al Estado de Nicaragua, mediante el Tratado de Zelaya.<\/p>\n
En 1905, el Tratado Harrison-Altamirano, entre Gran Breta\u00f1a y Nicaragua, reconoci\u00f3 la soberan\u00eda de Nicaragua y el derecho territorial de los ind\u00edgenas, cre\u00e1ndose la ofi\u00accina de Registro de Propiedad para que las comunidades legalicen sus tierras. Ese fue el hito inicial de la demanda por la autodeterminaci\u00f3n y autonom\u00eda.<\/p>\n
Posteriormente, los pueblos ancestrales de la Costa Atl\u00e1ntica resistir\u00edan con armas a la sociedad dominante, durante la Dictadura de Anastasio Somoza (1967 a 1972; 1974 a 1979), la Guerra Civil, y la conducci\u00f3n del Frente Sandinista de Liberaci\u00f3n Nacional (1979-1990). Durante la guerra civil, los ind\u00edgenas fueron marginados y reprimidos. En 1979, con el triunfo Sandinista, surgi\u00f3 la organizaci\u00f3n MISURASATA (Miskitu, Sumu, Rama, Sandinista Asla Takanka), dando inici\u00f3 el mapeo de territorios ind\u00edgenas, que quedar\u00eda inconcluso tras la muerte del ingeniero Mauricio Polanco en 1980. El Estado Sandinista consider\u00f3 a esta organizaci\u00f3n como contrarrevolucionaria, y un a\u00f1o despu\u00e9s, desarroll\u00f3 un operativo conocido como la Navidad Roja, en el que desaloj\u00f3 a 20 comunidades Miskitas del Atl\u00e1ntico Norte y las reasent\u00f3 por la fuerza en territorios bajo su control. Desde entonces, los ind\u00edgenas recurrieron a la lucha armada, desat\u00e1ndose un conflicto que dur\u00f3 aproximadamente 10 a\u00f1os, y se cobr\u00f3 miles de vidas.<\/p>\n
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Foto: M\u00e1s de 8.500 Miskitus fueron desplazados durante la Navidad Roja, perdidendo su ganado y viviendas.
The Real Nicaragua.com<\/p>\n
En 1984, para dar fin a la confrontaci\u00f3n armada, el gobierno Sandinista cre\u00f3 la Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Autonom\u00eda<\/strong> (CNA), que realiz\u00f3 un proceso de consulta con m\u00e1s de 100 comisiones locales. En 1986 los Pueblos y Comunidades Ind\u00edgenas realizaron una Asamblea General de la que nace el Partido Regional YATAMA (Organizaci\u00f3n de los Pueblos de la Madre Tierra), con el prop\u00f3sito de unificar acciones c\u00edvicas y pol\u00edticas en pos de sus derechos. En base al proceso de consulta, y por mandato de la Constituci\u00f3n Nacional de 1986, se sancion\u00f3 el Estatuto de Autonom\u00eda de las Comunidades de la Costa Atl\u00e1ntica (Ley 28 de 1987)<\/strong>, que fij\u00f3 las dos Regiones Auton\u00f3mas de la Costa Atl\u00e1ntica, como nuevos entes pol\u00edtico-jur\u00eddicos, cada una con su Consejo Regional:<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_3″][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttp:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/images\/stories\/NICARAGUA\/nicaragua%202.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb2_3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ 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header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ 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header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n As\u00ed, Nicaragua se convirti\u00f3 en el primer pa\u00eds en Am\u00e9rica Latina, en reconocer la Autonom\u00eda Ind\u00edgena, estableciendo un r\u00e9gimen de autonom\u00eda regional cuyo \u00e1mbito abarca aproximadamente el 50% del territorio nacional y reconoce derechos econ\u00f3micos, sociales, culturales, ecol\u00f3gicos, de administraci\u00f3n de justicia para los pueblos ind\u00edgenas y comunidades \u00e9tnicas. En 1990 se eligieron los primeros Gobiernos Regionales Aut\u00f3nomos, y en 1995 se cre\u00f3 la Universidad de las Regiones Aut\u00f3nomas de la Costa Caribe Nicarag\u00fcense (URACCAN), para materializar el acceso a la educaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n En 1996, la presidente Violeta Chamorro cre\u00f3 la Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Demarcaci\u00f3n de Tierras Ind\u00edgenas de la Costa Atl\u00e1ntica de Nicaragua<\/strong> (CONADETI); y en el 2003 se promulg\u00f3 la Ley 445<\/strong> de R\u00e9gimen de Propiedad Comunal de las Tierras de los Pueblos Ind\u00edgenas y Comunidades \u00c9tnicas de la Costa Atl\u00e1ntica de Nicaragua y de los R\u00edos Coco, Bocay Indio y Ma\u00edz, que les confiere facultades en torno a la administraci\u00f3n de sus recursos naturales y sus formas de organizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n Desde el 2002, y por tres per\u00edodos consecutivos que finalizan en 2013, el partido YATAMA se encuentra al poder del Gobierno Regional.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/footer.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\n