{"id":2698,"date":"2019-05-14T21:56:12","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T21:56:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/?p=2698"},"modified":"2021-12-13T14:55:41","modified_gmt":"2021-12-13T17:55:41","slug":"pan_14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/pan_14\/","title":{"rendered":"La Comarca Kuna Yala: autonom\u00eda y turismo"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section bb_built=\u00bb1″ inner_width=\u00bbauto\u00bb inner_max_width=\u00bbnone\u00bb][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

La Comarca Kuna fue titulada en 1938. Casi 75 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, los Kuna ejercen su derecho a la Autonom\u00eda en el \u00c1rea de Turismo, creando su propio Reglamento para el Desarrollo de un modelo de turismo que beneficie a la comunidad, proteja su identidad, y colabore al financiamiento de su autonom\u00eda.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cEl turismo en Kuna Yala es un gran negocio para las agencias de viajes, las aerol\u00edneas, los cruceros extranjeros, los yates y no para la comunidad Kuna en general.<\/strong><\/em>
\u00bfCu\u00e1ntas de estas instancias rinden alg\u00fan beneficio al Pueblo Kuna?.<\/strong><\/em>
Aqu\u00ed, la defensa pol\u00edtica de la autonom\u00eda y de la identidad Kuna<\/strong><\/em>
se sobreponen a las urgencias del desarrollo econ\u00f3mico.\u201d<\/strong><\/em>
Movimiento de la Juventud Kuna (2007).<\/p>\n

Informaci\u00f3n General<\/strong><\/p>\n

En Panam\u00e1, la Comarca Kuna Yala tiene una superficie de 3260 km2, configurando un corredor de 226 km de largo, con casi 400 islas. Los titulares de este territorio son 49 comunidades, conformadas por 60.000 personas que pr\u00e1cticamente en su totalidad pertenecen al pueblo Kuna.<\/p>\n

La comarca fue creada en 1938, y el Estado reconoce su autonom\u00eda ind\u00edgena desde 1953, a\u00f1o en que se establece el Congreso General Kuna (CGK) como autoridad pol\u00edtica y administrativa. El CGK est\u00e1 dirigido por tres Caciques Generales o Saila dummagan. Para saber m\u00e1s sobre las autoridades de los Kuna, lee nuestro art\u00edculo Autoridades Tradicionales y Modernas en la Experiencia de Panam\u00e1: el Autogobierno de los Kuna.<\/p>\n

Mapa de la Comarca Kuna Yala<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Fuente: http:\/\/www.vmapas.com<\/p>\n

Importancia del Turismo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dada la gran belleza del territorio, cada a\u00f1o llegan aproximadamente 100.000 turistas. Sin embargo, el modelo de turismo que se ha venido desarrollando desde los a\u00f1os 40\u00b4 no ha significado una oportunidad para que los Kuna mejoren sus condiciones econ\u00f3micas (Ver recuadro). Este modelo de cruceros, eco-lodges, y veleros no ha creado una cantidad importante de fuentes de trabajo, como se podr\u00eda pensar, y los Kuna contin\u00faan viviendo en situaciones de pobreza, analfabetismo y desnutrici\u00f3n. Por todo esto, el turismo es una actividad muy pol\u00e9mica en la Comarca.<\/p>\n

Tipos de Turismo<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_4″][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttp:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/images\/stories\/PANAMA\/foto_crucero.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00bb3_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

El turismo de cruceros:<\/strong> son enormes hoteles flotantes que albergan a miles de turistas dispuestos a visitar una comunidad, tomar fotos y comprar artesan\u00edas, pero en forma temporal, ya que los turistas s\u00f3lo pasan algunas horas. Los Kuna no necesitan hacer inversiones para recibirlos, y los cruceros pagan de 150 a 500 d\u00f3lares al Congreso General Kuna (CGK) para poder anclarse en su territorio.<\/p>\n

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El turismo de veleros:<\/strong> son peque\u00f1as embarcaciones que visitan las islas por per\u00edodos largos (d\u00edas o semanas) y suelen visitar varias comunidades ind\u00edgenas, incluso las que est\u00e1n fuera del circuito de los cruceros y lodges. Sin embargo, en general se reh\u00fasan a pagar el impuesto al CGK, dado que realizan un turismo \u201cr\u00fastico\u201d.<\/p>\n

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El turismo en eco-lodges:<\/strong> son peque\u00f1os hoteles para 20 personas o menos, que se recrean en la playa, en la selva o haciendo buceo, y con alg\u00fan contacto breve con la cultura local, por ejemplo asistir a una ceremonia o comprar artesan\u00edas. Son turistas extranjeros, que realizan estancias cortas y pagan entre 100 y 200 d\u00f3lares por noche, por lo que las estancias suelen ser cortas. Sin embargo, los due\u00f1os son kunas que viven en la capital del pa\u00eds, y los empleados locales ganan muy poco por trabajar all\u00ed (5 d\u00f3lares por d\u00eda). Cada Lodge paga al CGK 10 d\u00f3lares por mes, m\u00e1s 1 d\u00f3lar por turista albergado.<\/p>\n

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El turismo comunitario y familiar:<\/strong> est\u00e1 dirigido a j\u00f3venes, con poco dinero, y generalmente extranjeros, que se quedan mucho m\u00e1s tiempo que los otros turistas, y se albergan y duermen en casas de familias, por lo que el contacto con la cultura local es de convivencia. Realizan un aporte aproximado de 10 d\u00f3lares por d\u00eda, que contribuyen a la econom\u00eda familiar, aunque su aporte al CGK es muy modesto.<\/p>\n

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Frente a esta situaci\u00f3n, el Pueblo Kuna ha delineado algunas estrategias para defender su autonom\u00eda en el \u00e1rea de Turismo:
1.La expulsi\u00f3n de algunos inversionistas for\u00e1neos
2.La sanci\u00f3n de normas propias para el desarrollo de un modelo tur\u00edstico propio y aut\u00f3nomo<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1) La expulsi\u00f3n de algunos inversionistas for\u00e1neos<\/strong><\/h4>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

\nLos Kuna han expulsado de su territorio a diferentes inversionistas for\u00e1neos que iniciaron proyectos tur\u00edsticos sin consentimiento del CGK. Un ejemplo reciente, en 1990, ocurri\u00f3 con los paname\u00f1os de la organizaci\u00f3n Jungle Aventures, quienes no pertenec\u00edan al Pueblo Kuna, y desarrollaron un proyecto hotelero conocido como Iskardup, en una isla no habitada de la Comarca. La inversi\u00f3n contaba con el acuerdo del propietario Kuna de aquella isla, y se valu\u00f3 en 200.000 d\u00f3lares americanos.<\/p>\n

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\nFoto: Proyecto Hotelero Iskardup.
\nFuente: http:\/\/www.panoramio.com\/photo\/2325340<\/p>\n

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Sin embargo, los caciques del CGK exigieron el cierre del hotel, para evitar que los inversionistas administren la isla.<\/p>\n

2) La sanci\u00f3n de normas propias para el desarrollo de un modelo tur\u00edstico propio y aut\u00f3nomo<\/strong><\/p>\n

El modelo de desarrollo tur\u00edstico planteado por el CGK se basa en el principio de la Autonom\u00eda. En 1996, se incluy\u00f3 dentro de la Ley Fundamental Kuna, un Estatuto del Turismo en Kuna Yala, que proh\u00edbe la venta y alquiler de tierras de la Comarca a for\u00e1neos (personas que no pertenecen al Pueblo Kuna, ya sean otros paname\u00f1os \u00f3 extranjeros); proh\u00edbe las inversiones de estas personas, y anuncia que cuando eso ocurra, se realizar\u00e1 la confiscaci\u00f3n de sus bienes, sin indemnizaci\u00f3n. Para ver el Estatuto completo, haz click Aqui<\/strong><\/em><\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u201cLas tierras delimitadas son propiedad colectiva del Pueblo Kuna cuya adquisici\u00f3n, explotaci\u00f3n, utilizaci\u00f3n y usufructo se realizar\u00e1n colectivamente, conforme a las normas y pr\u00e1cticas consuetudinarias. No pueden ser enajenadas ni arrendadas bajo ning\u00fan t\u00edtulo, ni temporalmente\u00bb<\/em> (Art. 40 y 41).<\/p>\n

\u201cLa explotaci\u00f3n de toda actividad tur\u00edstica y sus modalidades en la Comarca Kuna Yala, se reserva al Pueblo Kuna. Todo proyecto tur\u00edstico debe contar con la autorizaci\u00f3n del CGK. Toda actividad tur\u00edstica que no cumpla con los art\u00edculos anteriores ser\u00e1 nula y el Congreso confiscar\u00e1 los bienes de acuerdo con la comunidad sede\u00bb<\/em> (Art. 50 a 52).<\/p>\n

En el 2008 se sancion\u00f3 el \u201cReglamento que regula las Actividades tur\u00edsticas en Kuna Yala y crea la secretar\u00eda de Asuntos de Turismo<\/strong><\/em>\u201d (CGK. Resoluci\u00f3n Ejecutiva No. 01\/02\/2008). Este reglamento apunta a organizar un turismo kuna bajo el control del CGK y que tenga bajo impacto en el medioambiente. Contiene las siguientes medidas:<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb1_2″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

Prohibici\u00f3n total a la transferencia de los derechos de posesi\u00f3n sobre las islas y la tierra hacia los no-kunas.<\/strong>
\u2022 El CGK realizar\u00e1 la promoci\u00f3n y la protecci\u00f3n de inversiones tur\u00edsticas kunas, que deber\u00e1n quedarse exclusivamente en manos de los kuna con una preferencia por los proyectos peque\u00f1os y si es posible de naturaleza comunitaria.
\u2022 Todos los proyectos tur\u00edsticos y planes de inversi\u00f3n, deben inscribirse en el Registro Comarcal de Turismo. La Junta Ejecutiva del CGK otorgar\u00e1 licencias de operaci\u00f3n para actividades tur\u00edsticas.
\u2022 El 100% de la mano de obra debe ser Kuna (excepto que se requieran t\u00e9cnicos muy especializados).
\u2022 Se limita la cantidad de veleros y barcos extranjeros que pueden ingresar a la Comarca cada d\u00eda.
\u2022 Se establecen los montos de los impuestos al ingreso de turistas al territorio de la Comarca, y por el ingreso a cada comunidad. A las agencias de cruceros, yates, veleros y empresarios tur\u00edsticos. Al anclaje de veleros y otras embarcaciones en territorio Kuna. A los hoteles kunas, y al uso del aeropuerto.<\/p>\n

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\nFotograf\u00eda: Ni\u00f1a Kuna.
\nFuente: http:\/\/paisasky.blogspot.com<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row][et_pb_column type=\u00bb4_4″][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ link_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bblink_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ul_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbul_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ ol_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbol_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ quote_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbquote_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_2_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_3_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_4_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_5_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbheader_6_text_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

Para leer el Reglamento de Turismo completo, haz click Aqui<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_testimonial _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ quote_icon_background_color=\u00bb#f5f5f5″ text_shadow_horizontal_length=\u00bbtext_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_shadow_vertical_length=\u00bbtext_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ text_shadow_blur_strength=\u00bbtext_shadow_style,%91object Object%93″ z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″]<\/p>\n

Bibliograf\u00eda<\/strong><\/p>\n

DUMOULIN KERVAN, David y GROS, Christian (2010): \u201cConflictos de inversiones en territorios ind\u00edgenas: el turismo en la Comarca Kuna Yala de Panam\u00e1\u201d, en GROS,Christian y FOYER Jean (eds): \u00bfDesarrollo con identidad? Gobernanza econ\u00f3mica ind\u00edgena. Siete estudios de caso. Lima \/ Quito \/ M\u00e9xico: IFEA\/FLACSO\/CEMCA, pp. 235-279.<\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_testimonial][et_pb_image _builder_version=\u00bb3.22.5″ src=\u00bbhttps:\/\/territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/footer.jpg\u00bb z_index_tablet=\u00bb500″ \/][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> La Comarca Kuna fue titulada en 1938. Casi 75 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, los Kuna ejercen su derecho a la Autonom\u00eda en el \u00c1rea de Turismo, creando su propio Reglamento para el Desarrollo de un modelo de turismo que beneficie a la comunidad, proteja su identidad, y colabore al financiamiento de su autonom\u00eda. \u201cEl turismo en […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2698"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2698"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3682,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2698\/revisions\/3682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.territorioindigenaygobernanza.com\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}